The Virginia Supreme Court heard oral arguments Monday in a high-stakes challenge to a Democratic-led redistricting referendum in the state that voters approved last week and if allowed to stand would dramatically shift the state’s congressional map in Democrats’ favor ahead of the November midterms.

Republicans argue that Democratic legislators improperly expanded a special legislative session – originally called by then-GOP Gov. Glenn Youngkin for budget matters – to advance the redistricting measure. They also question whether the process complied with constitutional requirements, particularly the timing relative to the definition of an “election.”

The narrowly passed referendum allows temporary redrawing of Virginia’s congressional districts before the next U.S. Census. The new maps could give Democrats a potential 10-1 advantage in the state’s U.S. House delegation, flipping the current 6-5 Democratic edge into a more decisive majority. 

During Monday’s hearing, justices pressed attorneys on both sides. 

Democratic counsel argued that the General Assembly acted before the November general election day, as defined in multiple provisions of the state constitution and that lawmakers did not improperly extend the special session. 

Republican attorneys countered that special sessions are limited in scope and that Democrats overstepped by addressing redistricting.

The court previously allowed the referendum to proceed while it considers the broader legal questions. Its forthcoming decision could determine whether the newly approved maps take effect or face further legal uncertainty.

The case is part of a broader national battle over redistricting, with both parties maneuvering for House advantages this fall. Republicans in such states as Missouri and Texas have pursued their own map changes, while Democrats have pushed back in Virginia and elsewhere.

Until the court issues its ruling, the future of Virginia’s congressional boundaries remains uncertain as the 2026 election cycle intensifies.